International reserves act as a guarantor of the stability of the economy, solvency and security of critically important industries and financial and economic processes of the state in times of crisis. Reserve assets consist of monetary gold and foreign exchange reserves, which, in turn, are divided into foreign currency, an account in the SDR and a foreign exchange position in the IMF. Each element of international reserves performs a specific role and is necessary for solving different tasks. The purpose of this article is to assess the sufficiency of Russia’s international reserves based on the calculation of criteria widely used in world practice. The article examines the theoretical foundations of the formation of international reserves in the Russian Federation, in particular, the functions they perform to regulate the macroeconomic situation in the state and the possibility of their replenishment, analyzes the current structure and dynamics of changes in international reserves, pays special attention to the modernization of the role of gold as the most preferred asset in times of crisis and reducing the share of the US dollar. The issue of expropriation of part of Russia’s international reserves by Western countries within the framework of sanctions and the development of this situation is also touched upon. A quantitative assessment has been carried out based on systematized criteria for assessing the adequacy of international reserves formulated by economists around the world. It is shown that the volume of the international reserves of the Russian Federation satisfies each of the six sufficiency criteria used in world practice throughout the period under review (2013-2024), taking into account and excluding the “frozen” part of reserves.

The article proposes a formalized approach to integrating the balance of payments structure into a dynamic input-output model (DMM), which represents an important step in the development of economic and mathematical modeling of an open economy. The author substantiates the need for a more detailed inclusion of the foreign economic sector in the DMM, since the balance of payments reflects key transactions between residents and non-residents, including trade, investments and transfers, as well as the movement of reserves.

The central element of the work is an expanded equation of investments in fixed assets, which includes both internal sources and external capital flows by balance of payments items. The mathematical description presented covers the structure of the current account, the capital account and the financial account, additionally taking into account the items of errors and omissions and changes in gold and foreign exchange reserves.

A special feature of the model is the detailing of flows by industry in accordance with the OKVED 2 classification and «input–output» tables, which allows you to track the redistribution of resources in response to internal and external economic shocks. This makes the model useful for analyzing the stability of the economy, assessing the impact of monetary and investment policies, as well as for constructing scenarios that take into account global instability. The article also presents a diagram of the DMM with a balance of payments block, illustrating the relationship between domestic production, the financial market, the budgetary system and the foreign economic sector.

As a result, the implemented approach allows not only to increase the degree of realism of macroeconomic modeling, but also forms the basis for a comprehensive assessment of the consequences of integration processes, foreign trade restrictions and changes in the international environment. The work focuses on the further development of domestic input-output models and expands the analytical capabilities of macroeconomic forecasting in a globalized economy.

The article discusses current issues of tax regulation of transfer pricing in supply chains with vertical and horizontal connections (DHW).

The article provides a theoretical and methodological description of the mechanism of functioning of modern production supply chains based on model structures, taking into account the vector of tax policy. It is substantiated that in order to successfully implement the tasks of producing high-tech products, it is necessary to have a reasonable combination of tools for a well-thought-out tax and industrial policy of the state, which does not contradict the objective trends of increasing the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. In this regard, the implementation of tax policy should be carried out taking into account the understanding of the motivation of firms to choose domestic prices.

It is proved that for the successful implementation of national tasks for the production of high-tech products, a reasonable combination of tools for a well-thought-out tax and industrial policy of the state is necessary, which does not contradict objective trends in increasing the competitiveness of domestic enterprises. In this regard, the implementation of tax policy should take into account the understanding of firms’ motivation to choose domestic prices.

The aim of the study is to deepen the methodological basis for describing the interaction of participants in the production and technological chain in the process of transfer pricing.

The methodological basis of the research was the theory of industry markets, the provisions of neoclassical theory, the institutional approach, as well as the methodology of intersectoral balance. Methods of work – comparative analysis, economic and mathematical modeling.

The article analyzes two approaches to determining transfer prices – based on costs and based on market prices. It has been established that the formation of internal prices between interdependent entities based on market mechanisms gives worse results for the parent company in the chain than at prices equal to costs. The results of the study indicate the need to adjust prices to achieve the planned targets, for example, the output of the parent company.

Since transfer prices have an impact on profits, firms in the chain should optimize the internal pricing mechanism to increase operational efficiency while maintaining a balance between tax benefits and risks. The results of the study contribute to understanding the motives of firms to choose different transfer pricing methods.

The Russian coal industry has been undergoing a long process of restructuring. It seemed that over the past decade, despite numerous forecasts from leading analytical agencies about a reduction in coal consumption, it had become sustainably profitable. However, the economic and geopolitical situation of the last two to three years has created natural stresses on the financial stability of coal enterprises. These stresses have demonstrated that the fundamental problems of the coal industry were never resolved during the “fat” years of high export prices. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze key factors affecting the financial stability of the coal industry, potential risks and threats, and to assess the dynamics of coal production volumes, fixed capital investment, and the profitability of coal enterprises. The years 2024–2025 have proven to be very challenging for the industry, with all possible “black swan” events occurring: falling coal prices, deteriorating rail network performance, a collapse in coal shipments to destinations outside the east, and increased anti-coal rhetoric in the media. However, as a systemically important industry for several Russian regions, the coal industry has demonstrated that its problems extend beyond its relationship with Russian Railways. The article expresses the opinion, consistent with many industry experts, that the industry requires comprehensive and rather drastic reforms (even drastic measures such as mine closures), as well as more lenient options such as shifting production geography to the east.

The article examines the development of approaches to data analysis and structuring using the example of the development of the Knowledge Base of the The Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering within the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IEIE SB RAS). The main purpose of creating a knowledge base is to transform the source data on resources, facilities, technologies, the state and development of the Asian Russia macro-region, which will provide a qualitatively new understanding of complex processes of synergy in the economy based on network combinations of chains of objects interconnected by the movement of natural, financial, labor, information resources, products, technologies, supported by development institutions.

Special attention is paid to the task of assessing the effects of the implementation of investment projects. To solve it, the knowledge base accumulates data on investment projects, companies, socio-economic indicators and technologies.

The text describes concepts and approaches to creating a consistent model package, including a model and analytical apparatus for evaluating effects at the macro, meso, and micro levels.

The described model complex includes a block of intersectoral models, network and cognitive models, forecasting models for socio-economic statistics, assessment systems for commercial and indirect effects, as well as a block of models based on microeconomic data linked to Gis space. A comprehensive model analysis of investment projects, taking into account spatial effects, will make it possible to more accurately and comprehensively assess the socio-economic consequences for the economy and offset the limitations and measurement errors of individual methods.

The current economic situation, characterized by rising prices, declining real incomes of the population and increased competition, requires companies operating in the service sector to develop strategies that will ensure increased competitiveness. This also applies to pharmacies, where attention is mainly paid to compliance with state standards and ensuring the availability of medicines. However, when cost reduction turns out to be an increasingly difficult undertaking, not only the provision of high-quality goods, but also the ability to create a positive customer experience becomes an important factor in successful business. This is especially true in the field of pharmacy services, where high competition between chains requires the introduction of management methods aimed at increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty. The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibility of applying an integrated approach to service quality assessment and management using the example of a specific pharmacy in Novosibirsk. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that the proposed approach and the recommendations developed on its basis can become an effective aid in creating a pharmacy service that could attract new customers and retain the old ones.

In the context of globalization and business diversification, the development of employees’ intercultural competence has become a key factor in the successful functioning of organizations. An analysis of contemporary theoretical approaches and practices in the field of intercultural management has demonstrated that cultural intelligence, adaptability, and the ability of managers to account for the specificities of national and corporate cultures directly influence the effectiveness of human resource management. The academic significance of this study lies in identifying the role of intercultural competence as a strategic resource for organizational development, while its practical value is found in determining ways to integrate cultural diversity into HR processes. The findings confirm that the systematic development of inter-cultural skills reduces communication barriers, enhances productivity, and fosters long-term competitive advantages for companies.

This study aims to define the theoretical and methodological foundations for the transformation of human resource management technologies in the context of intercultural interaction and to identify directions for their practical application in improving organizational effectiveness in a global environment. The objectives of the research are as follows: to analyze the evolution of approaches to human resource management within the framework of intercultural interaction; to examine contemporary models and tools for developing intercultural competence in employees and managers; and to identify the impact of intercultural factors on HRM strategies and corporate culture.

The research employs a combination of general scientific and specialized methods, including the analysis and synthesis of academic sources, a comparative-historical method to examine the evolution of HR technologies, and a systems approach to exploring the interrelations between cultural factors and management strategies. Methods of content analysis of publications and case studies were used to assess practical examples of human resource management transformation in international companies. This inter-disciplinary approach has enabled the identification of both theoretical and applied aspects of intercultural management.

The analysis revealed that globalization and the internationalization of business have heightened the importance of intercultural interaction as a key factor in human resource management. The study confirmed that cultural intelligence and employee competencies directly affect the effectiveness of teamwork, leadership, and organizational adaptation to new environments. Case studies of leading multinational corporations (Google, Unilever, Siemens) demonstrated that the systematic development of intercultural competence helps reduce conflicts, accelerate employee adaptation, and increase productivity.

The academic novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive approach to assessing the transformation of HR technologies through the lens of intercultural management. Its practical significance is reflected in the potential application of its findings to the development of corporate training and employee adaptation programs aimed at fostering intercultural skills. Successful management in the context of globalization requires the integration of intercultural factors into HRM strategy, enabling organizations to build long-term competitive advantages and ensure sustainable development.

The subject of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, are the specifics of the application of indicators of economic evaluation of the activities of the university. The purpose of the study is to develop the main indicators of economic evaluation of the scientific and research activities of the university. The research methods that were used in conducting this study include the following: the method of economic modeling of the scientific and research activities of the university, statistical and mathematical methods, as well as general scientific methods, such as: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, abstraction, generalization. The results of the study are as follows. The article proposes a number of indicators of economic evaluation of the scientific and research activities of universities, which are proposed to be understood as certain quantitative characteristics of scientific and research activities that can be amenable to economic evaluation, including such as “average”, “optimal standard of publication activity”, “optimal volume of funding”, “deficit/surplus” of funding for science”, “optimal volume of publications”, “indicators of the economic efficiency of universities both in terms of costs and volume of publication activity”.

The article examines the landscape of Russian social entrepreneurship in the context of its institutionalization following the 2019 amendments to Federal Law No. 209-FZ “On the Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Russian Federation.” The aim is to analyze the actual structure of social entrepreneurship in Russia. Using data from the Unified Register of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and requests to regional authorities (N=4010 social enterprises from 10 leading regions), the study considers the distribution of enterprises across the four legally defined categories, their fields of activity, target groups, and the extent of their social mission.

Findings indicate that across all regions, Category 4 (pursuit of socially beneficial goals and addressing social problems) dominates, with a concentration in education, leisure, and household services. Category 3 (provision of goods and services for vulnerable groups) includes healthcare, care, rehabilitation, and the production of assistive technologies. Category 2 (sale of goods and services produced by vulnerable groups) remains very small due to resource and institutional barriers. Category 1 (employment of vulnerable groups) primarily secures jobs for pensioners and persons with disabilities, leaving other groups largely beyond its reach.

The analysis highlights a gap between the regulatory framework and the sector’s actual content: formal criteria for status do not ensure genuine social additionality. The conclusion outlines potential adjustments to the model, including refining the criteria for Category 4, developing an ecosystem for Category 2 enterprises, supporting innovative practices in Category 3, and expanding inclusive employment opportunities in Category 1.