woeamМир экономики и управленияWorld of Economics and Management2542-04292658-5375Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университетwoeam-967Research ArticleРЕГИОНАЛЬНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКАREGIONAL ECONOMICSБлокчейн в системе публичного управленияBlockchain technology in public governance systemshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8770-0533ЧелакИгорь ПавловичChelakIgor

Candidate of Economics

chelak@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9733-5090ЧечулинИван АлексеевичChechulinIvan

Candidate of Economics

hcehculin_ia@usue.ruУлан КызыАгатаUlanAgata

bachelor student of Faculty of Economics and Management

agatha.ulanova@yandex.comИвановаМария СеменовнаIvanovaMariia

junior economics student

ivanova.mari0509@gmail.comРоссийская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации, Уральский институт управленияРоссияRussian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Ural Institute of ManagementRussian FederationУральский государственный экономический университетРоссияUral State University of EconomicsRussian FederationГБОУ Школа 1579, г. МоскваРоссияState Budgetary General Education Institution School No. 1579Russian Federation202603072026262967Copyright © Челак И.П., Чечулин И.А., Улан Кызы А., Иванова М.С., 20262026Челак И.П., Чечулин И.А., Улан Кызы А., Иванова М.С.Chelak I., Chechulin I., Ulan A., Ivanova M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://woeam.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/967

Цифровая трансформация государственного управления сопровождается активным внедрением технологий распределенных реестров, среди которых блокчейн занимает особое место. Несмотря на высокий потенциал децентрализации, неизменности и алгоритмической исполнимости правил, остается открытым вопрос о реальных возможностях и границах применения блокчейна в иерархических структурах государства. Цель исследования – критический анализ двойственной природы блокчейна в публичном управлении, выявление институциональных конфликтов, возникающих при интеграции сетевой технологии, и обоснование стратегий адаптации государства к новой технологической реальности.

Теоретическая и методологическая основа данного исследования – анализ научных публикаций и экспертных отчетов, касающихся внедрения и перспективных применений блокчейна как инструмента оптимизации и совершенствования систем государственного управления (25 кейсов внедрения блокчейна в различных странах).

Выявлены эффективные домены применения блокчейна (земельные кадастры, цифровая идентификация, автоматизация регламентированных выплат), установлено доминирование консорциумных (частных) блокчейнов в публичном секторе (подавляющее большинство кейсов). Разработана пятимерная типология институциональных рисков: технические, правовые, политические, этические и стратегические.

Полученные результаты опровергают техно-оптимистический нарратив о полном замещении государства блокчейном. Наблюдается гибридизация: государство сохраняет контроль над узлами сети, правовой рамкой и механизмами принуждения, трансформируясь в «платформенную модель», где рутинные функции алгоритмизируются, а публичная власть сосредоточивается на стратегическом регулировании. Предложенные рекомендации имеют практическую ценность для министерств цифрового развития, регуляторов данных, судебной системы, органов безопасности и международных организаций.

Блокчейн эффективен лишь для узкого класса задач, требующих абсолютной достоверности записей. Главный барьер внедрения – институциональный, не технический. Перспективная модель – контролируемая децентрализация через консорциумные блокчейны.

Introduction

Introduction. The digital transformation of public governance is accompanied by the active implementation of distributed ledger technologies, with blockchain occupying a special place. Despite the high potential of decentralization, immutability, and algorithmic enforceability of rules, the question of blockchain’s actual capabilities and limitations within hierarchical state structures remains open. Objective – to critically analyze the dual nature of blockchain in public administration, identify institutional conflicts arising from the integration of network technology, and substantiate strategies for the state's adaptation to the new technological reality.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological foundation of this study was established through the analysis of scientific publications and expert reports on the implementation and potential applications of blockchain as a tool for optimizing and improving public administration systems, as well as a comparative analysis of 25 blockchain implementation cases in various countries.

Results

Results. Effective domains of blockchain application are identified (land registries, digital identification, automated regulated payments); consortium (private) blockchains dominate the public sector (the vast majority of cases). A five‑dimensional typology of institutional risks is developed: technical, legal, political, ethical, and strategic.

Discussion

Discussion. The findings refute the techno‑optimistic narrative of complete state replacement by blockchain. Hybridization is observed: the state retains control over network nodes, the legal framework, and enforcement mechanisms, transforming into a «platform state» model where routine functions are algorithmized and public authority focuses on strategic regulation. The proposed recommendations are of practical value for ministries of digital development, data regulators, the judicial system, security agencies, and international organizations.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Blockchain is effective only for a narrow class of tasks requiring absolute record reliability. The main implementation barrier is institutional, not technical. The promising model is controlled decentralization through consortium blockchains.

Блокчейнраспределённые реестрыгибридное управлениеинституциональные конфликтыцифровая трансформация государствасмарт-контрактыриски децентрализации.Blockchaindistributed ledgershybrid governanceinstitutional conflictsdigital transformation of the statesmart contractsrisks of decentralizationИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда и Правительства Свердловской области № 24-18-20036 «Трансакционный конфигуратор инновационного развития региона на основе моделирования цифровых преобразований социально-экономической деятельности стейкхолдеров фирм и территорий» (https://rscf.ru/project/24-18-20036/).The study was funded by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation and the Government of the Sverdlovsk Region, No. 24-18-20036, https://rscf.ru/project/24-18-20036/ReferencesDolzhenko R. A., Chelak I. P. Framework Standards for the Use of Distributed Registries in the System of Social and Labor Relations: An Ecosystem Approach. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.